Requirements to Be a Doctoral Candidate

Informally known as All But Dissertation (or ABD), the doctoral candidate has completed all of the requirements for the doctoral degree with the exception of his or her  dissertation. A student usually advances to a doctoral candidate once he or she has completed all coursework required for the degree and has passed the doctoral comprehensive exam. As a doctoral candidate, the students final task is to complete the dissertation. The Long Road to Dissertation Although coursework may have come to an end once the students submit to be doctoral candidates, their journeys to full accreditation  as doctorates are far from over. Many doctoral candidates remain in the ABD status for several reasons including difficulty conducting research, time management and motivational deficits, interfering employment that distracts from research time, and ultimately a loss of interest in the subject matter.   Throughout their education, the advisor will conduct weekly to bi-weekly meetings with the student, guiding them along the path to a strong dissertation. The earlier you start working on yours during medical school, the better. Its best to keep in mind that the dissertation you develop must contain a specific hypothesis that can be tested and peer-reviewed, supported or rejected by new data discovered by the student.   Ph.D. candidates  must work independently, which often leads to lengthy periods at the ABD status, especially if students made the common grad school mistake of not vetting their dissertation ideas through colleagues and faculty members while enrolled in the doctoral program. Time is a huge factor in the ability of a doctoral candidate to complete his or her dissertation, so waiting until the last minute to begin could result in these candidates remaining in limbo for many years before publishing their work. Defending the Dissertation Once a student does manage to complete his or her dissertation, the Ph.D. candidate then must defend their statement in front of a panel of faculty members. Fortunately, a dissertation advisor and committee are granted to students hoping to complete their doctorate. As a student, you should utilize these advisors to the fullest extent to ensure that your dissertation is ready for the public forum in which you must defend it.   Once the public defense of the candidates dissertation is completed to a satisfactory level, the committee overseeing the defense will submit a Defense Final Report form to the program and the student will submit the approved dissertation  electronically into the schools database, completing the final paperwork for their degree.   After the Dissertation From there provided that they pass the defense, the candidate will be awarded their full doctorate degree and will officially become an M.D. or Ph.D. and can begin shopping out their resume to potential employers and seek the recommendation letters of their advisors, faculty members, and friends in order to better their chances of gainful employment.

The World and Literature Changes in the 1930s - 823 Words

During, the 1930’s the world was in a time of great depression, with economic and political uncertainty fueled after the stock market crash in 1929. Many US banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed on homeowners. Croplands in the Midwest lost their topsoil and were ruined during the Dust Bowl drought, with many farmers relocating to California. Unemployment affected a large part of the work force, leaving a population of long-term joblessness. Ultimately, the stock market crash left a dramatic end to an era of unprecedented, and unprecedentedly lopsided, prosperity (H. Staff). Supporters of Eugenics movements an extension of Social Darwinism were realizing the misconception they were under. This consciousness came when the wealthy suddenly became poor and reality of genocide caused the extreme end to eugenics. Consequently, total dissolution of eugenics in the United States was a slow process, due to the persistence of racial discrimination (Rogers). It was during this significant time during the 1930s, when literature, politics, and economics changed its platform, inspiring writers to form allegiances directly or indirectly to political parties (S. Staff). For example, Adam Kirsch comments in his article, How the Great Depression Spawned Literary Masterworks: At a time when the Communist Party was presenting itself as the strongest force for progress, these writers saw capitalist America as a dying society in need of revolutionary changes. Never before or sinceShow MoreRelatedThe Lost Generation Analysis1251 Words   |  6 PagesPart 1 â€Å"American Literature and Fiction of the Lost Generation (1900-1929)† The â€Å"Lost Generation†, in the field of literature, refers to a group of, American writers who, came of age, while the country was in the throes of WW1. The term was coined by Gertrude Stein and popularized by, Ernest Hemingway, (Figure 1) and is meant to refer to the fact that the values it inherited, held little relevance in the postwar world, (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). Figure 1 Ernest Hemingway shown at hisRead More The Chrysanthemums Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagespersonification which increase the stories feeling and value exponentially. Steinbeck was critically acclaimed for his portrayal of the â€Å"common man† through his ability to illustrate in a â€Å"realistic style rich with symbolism,† the essence of life in the 1930’s (Price, Victoria). The setting of the story is unique because it has a direct connection with the author; Salinas California is Steinbeck’s birthplace (Millichap, Joseph R). Herein lays the stories first embodiment of dramatic tone as well as theRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesHarlem between the 1920’s and 1930’s the African American culture flourished, especially in areas such as music, art, literature, dance, and even in film. This soon became known as the Harlem Renaissance. With the entire positive and the negative situations of this time period the African Americans still seemed to have it all. The Harlem Renaissance came about because of the changes that had taken place in the African American community after the abolition of slavery because of World War I and the socialRead MoreEffects Of World War I Ended On The 1920s1567 Words   |  7 PagesWhen World War I ended on November 11, 1918, President Warren G. Harding proposed â€Å"a return t o normalcy†. This promised a return of the United States prewar mentality, without the thought of war contaminating the minds of the American people. With this in mind, the 1920s began- but Americans in the 1930s witnessed dramatic changes in their lives from the 1920s. The 1920s was a period of prosperity and economic success, while the 1930s was a time of economic downfall. The economy fluctuated betweenRead More Themes in the Novel and Movie Adaptation of James Cain’s Mildred Pierce1573 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking, â€Å"Hollywood-ization† generally refers to the re-creation of a classic work in a form more vulgar and sexually explicit than the original in an effort to boost movie attendance. After all, sex and violence sell. However, from the mid-1930’s to the 1950’s, â€Å"Hollywood-ization† referred to the opposite case where controversial books had to be purified to abide by the Production Code of 1934.[1] This occurred to many of James Cain’s novels as they moved from text to the genre of â€Å"film noir.† Read MoreDisillusion, Defiance, and Discontent (1914-1946)780 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans people like to think they are in control and then something like this happens, and they realize that they re not. The themes of the work is implied not stated Timeline The most significant ten year period is from 1920 to 1930 because the biggest cultural changes happened during this period because it was directly after WWI 1920 women get the right to vote Prohibition leading to Bootlegging, speakeasies, widespread law breaking and gangs Economy boomed The Roaring Twenties: Radio, jazzRead MoreA Dystopian Society Is An Imbalance Between The Government And The People Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesone can notice Adolf’s changes in Germany, his impacts on people, and how the genres of literature can be taught through dystopia. Outline Introductory Paragraph with thesis Changes Adolf Hitler made Took over the government Started World War II Castigated Jews Impacts on the people Followed by Germans Conquered many countries Killed millions Genres of literature as educational tools Novel Autobiography Historical nonfiction Closing Dystopian societies are in the real world today and have been beforeRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes1676 Words   |  7 Pagesand literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during this time. The Harlem Renaissance took place during the 1920’s and 1930’s.Read MoreThe Effect of Cultural and Historical Situations on American Literature 1173 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Brattoli †American literature is almost always tied to historical and social events of the era in which it was written.† There is a connection between literary works from different time periods. This connection is how history, current events and social events have impacted American Literature. Literary works and writing styles have been affected and influence by the world around us. This is seen in many of the works assigned forRead MoreThe American Dream Of African Americans1400 Words   |  6 Pageshave been painted a beautiful picture of what life in our country is like. Not only do they think that there is a special place in American Dream of African American soldiers after WWI American Dream of African American soldiers after WWI ;During World War I many things changed, lives were destroyed ;dreams shattered, and many soldiersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who went to war came back ... America for them and the perfect career for each individual, but unfortunately this is not always true. The American dream is not

Amazon vs Wallmart Free Essays

string(89) " saving on business travel cost, investing in technology, eliminating unnecessary costs\." Amazon vs Wallm Amazon vs. Walmart Alexandra Tikhonkikh Professor N. Kentish Metropolitan College of New York The case study Amazon vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon vs Wallmart or any similar topic only for you Order Now Walmart is illustrated several concepts, which was described in the chapter. One of them is a sales Revenue Model where companies get revenue by selling goods, information, or services to customers. Like Amazon. com which sells books, music, and other products. Another one is e-tailer model. It is close to the typical bricks-and-mortar storefront, except that customers only need to connect to the Internet to check their items and place an order. The value scheme of e-tailers is to provide convenient, low-cost shopping 24/7, offering large assortments and consumer choice. Some e-tailers, such as Walmart. com, indicated to as â€Å"bricks-and-clicks,† are divisions of existing physical stores and have the same products. Others, however, exist only in the virtual world, without any ties to physical locations like Amazon. com. Before we going to analyze Amazon and Walmart. om using the value chain and competitive forces models, we suppose to describe these two concepts. Business Value Chain Model include: 1) views firms as series of activities that add value to products or services, 2) highlights activities, 3) primary activities vs. secondary activities, 4) regulate how information systems could advance customer and supplier disintermediation at each step of developm ent, 5) utilize benchmarking. Michael Porter’s competitive forces model provides general view of firm, its competitors, and environment. It also substitutes products and services. The model include customers and suppliers, moreover, it contains traditional competitors and new market entrants. Besides, five competitive forces shape fate of firm. Amazon. com started as on line bookseller, but has expended into a wide variety of media, electronics, and other general merchandise categories in support of its business strategy. Amazon’s value chain includes primary and support activities. Primary activities are very important for business, because those needed to manufacture a product or services for the end users. These activities typically include: 1) service: basically meant by after-sales support like user training, install applications, customer support and etc. , 2) operations: manufacturing the product, 3) inbound logistics: receiving goods from supplier and storing those goods, 4) outbound logistics: sending goods to wholesalers, retailers or directly to the end customer, 5) marketing and sales: product needed to be sold to the end customer, to understand customer requirements and also to promote goods. Support activities help to facilitate or assist the primary activities of producing product. There are four category: 1) Procurement: purchasing raw material and other items used in operations, 2) Human Resource Management : recruiting, hiring, firing, training, developing, compensating, 3) Technological Development : research and development, process automation, software, hardware, equipment, etc. , 4) Infrastructure : may include accounting, legal, finance, planning, public affairs, government relations, quality assurance and general management. As to Amazon’s competitive advantages from a value chain there are several strategies of development like strong technological infrastructure with a single platform, high investments in technology development for example Kindle, the best leverage digital products, great product forecasting system, print on demand, constantly imploring suggestions on new products, easy and fast payment system, 24/7 operations, free returns within 30 days. Amazon. com competes with product specific retailers; online marketplace and mass merchandise retailers. This creates an environment of intense competition and requires Amazon. com to differentiate itself uniquely based on the competitor. Let’s try to consider a Wal-Mart position from the competitive model as well. Competition among rivals is fairly weak. The market is crowded but Wal-Mart has the lowest costs, prices, profits, and market share. The warning of substitute products is also weak. Wal-Mart exerts a great deal of effort in making sure they are innovative and meeting customer requests. The bargaining power of suppliers is weak as well. For most producers, Wal-Mart would be their largest account. The bargaining power of buyers is also weak. There is a very broad base of customers and a meaningful demand for low prices. The threat of new entrants is weak. Wal-Mart has a scale of operation that is very important, it would take years, maybe even decades, for a new company to be on the same level. Even prominent companies today would have really difficult time matching the costs and prices Wal-Mart provides. A more sophisticated analysis of Wal-Mart’s internal value chain shows that Wal-Mart is hold in esteem to technology and was the ? rst merchant, which uses bar codes. It also uses satellite connections to communicate with all its stores. Moreover, Wal-Mart has integrated its POS, inventory-control, RFID, and other logistical technologies to haste product delivery, improve security and decrease costs. Besides It has developed regional obtaining centers in addition to its legendary center in Bentonville, Arkansas. Wal-Mart even has one in Shenzhen, China. Merchants set up satellite of? ces next door to the most suitable procurement center. Because Wal-Mart is a retailer, not a manufacturer, its external value chain is extremely simple. It deals with a variety of merchants and sells to customers. But the secret to discovering what makes Wal-Mart successful in studying its internal value chain. We should mentioned Walmart’s competitive advantages from a value chain perspective. First of all it is a distribution capabilities: well-organized distribution, leadership of Walmart’s own distribution centers and â€Å"inside-out† location strategy. Second, is partnership relationship with merchants: integrates suppliers via IT ; treats them well in terms of pricing, they are more business partners than â€Å"value takers†. Third, is advanced data mining: dynamic group and usage of customer buying behavior report. Forth, workforce culture and EDPL: customer-oriented workforce interested through substantial monetary contribution and belief in Walmart’s culture. And that’s not hard consider the fact that Walmart is almost 50 years old. Wal-Mart’s business strategy is to provide â€Å"Every day Lower Prices† or EDPL for all its products and services. Their organization, company culture, and supply chain management all support and emphasize this business strategy. Also, Wal-Mart use strategy of managing costs which include: budgeting payroll cost, saving on business travel cost, investing in technology, eliminating unnecessary costs. You read "Amazon vs Wallmart" in category "Essay examples" Another strategy that we have to mention is a strategy of managing growth, which consists of location and acquisition. And the last one called strategy of managing people resources. Every company that wants to be successful supposes to pay attention to this strategy as well. Internal promotions, employee motivating and external recruitment are the main components of this strategy. By implementing these three important strategies successfully, Wal-Mart has become from a single store to the biggest retailer in the United States and the biggest company in the world. The cost management strategy of Wal-Mart was created an operational model with the lowest cost which was increased the ratio of profit on the financial reports. Products found in Wal-Mart stores are not considered to be a high-end, luxury, or fashion oriented. Because their strategy is being a low price leader. Wal-Mart aims to provide a wide variety of products under one location for a low price. Wal-Mart stores also carry their own private labels that compete on price with national brands. Moreover, the growth management strategy had hauled Wal-Mart into the right direction of investment and expanded radically around the distribution center. However, the people management strategy motivates all employees to work more efficiency and generates a great workplace environment which full of self-improvement, competition, and respects. It also provides a chance for people to build-up experience from the low-rank position to the high-rank position. Consequently, strong management in these three strategies had transformed Wal-Mart into the biggest company in the world with the highest number of workers worldwide and had also provided benefits to millions of people around the world by transferring avoidable cost into low-cost products. Now we are going to consider the management, organization and technology factors that have contributed to the success of Amazon. Firs of all, Amazon is convenient and easy of use. It has a large selection of different items, unlimited virtual shelf space and wholesale relations, so you could find any product for acceptable price. The service is high performance, which could be proven by high speed and reliability. Customers are kept informed well about new products and the system that provides shipping makes the process fast. Also, Amazon use innovative technology, which contribute development and support of all system in whole. For short time Amazon. com became a well-known brand with cross promotion, high advertising, co-branding and publisher relations. Amazon. com is also famous for its large community where customer and author reviews post. It has a great gift policy for customer like bookmarks, notepads, cups, etc. Amazon arranges promotions where customers could collaborate with famous authors. The site has a large customer database with personalization pages, which contain extensive customer profiles. It also has recommendation pages, which help other readers make a right choice. Amazon has a high trust for their users because of guarantees and return policy. Great customer service is also promote trust of users because of superior service reps, easy search, email confirmation, extended service, extensive subject index, ability to order before publication. By the way Amazon has good cost structure. Besides low prices it has fast, reliable and inexpensive shipping. Amazon and Wal-Mart using e-commerce is a fascinating combination of business models and new information technologies. Wal-Mart’s impressive growth in such a short time and perhaps the most important factor in it’s rise was their exploiting of the dominance of e-business, e-procurement, and the modification of internal processes to maximize it’s benefits. In compare with others companies, Wal-Mart transformed supply chain management by using a sales revenue model where customer requests satisfy by wise variety of goods. Inventory control is perfect improved and purchasing trends are available to sellers, whom nowadays must be able to respond as quickly as possible to the needs of millions of customers. To decentralize the procurement was a great business decision for Wal-Mart, that helped simplify the process for employees in every store immediately order the applicable stock automatically, which is require prompt turnout of product from the suppliers. This fast replenishment system, attached with perfect purchasing forecasting, helps Wal-Mart reduce overall costs. Wal-Mart’s power as a giant in business has helped in establishing new standards for B2B e-commerce. Wal-Mart’s approach of cutting costs at all costs resulted in them deploying EDI over the Internet to eliminate the costly VAN altogether. EDI over the Internet (EDI-INT) uses a new standard called AS2, a communication protocol that attempts to make EDI communications over the Internet both secure and reliable. By mandating their suppliers to use AS2, Wal-Mart leads the way in creating a demand for a new generation of EDI, and in turn drives the whole world of e-business advancing. Amazon’s e-commerce business model Amazon started as a store that focused primarily on books and music. It quickly expanded to other sectors and now sells products in nearly every segment – apparel, home improvement, groceries. In addition, Amazon has expanded from a Business-to-Consumer (B2C) only store to a mixed model with its corporate account functionality that focuses on business customers. Added to the mix, is the Amazon marketplace – Amazon’s answer to eBay, which allows merchants to list their products and customers to purchase from merchants while using Amazon’s e-commerce platform. As a provider of e-Commerce software to mid-market, we use Amazon as a reference for the features it has on the web store. Some of these features not easily found on other sites include the ‘1-Click Ordering’, ‘Customer Viewing’, ‘Recently Viewed Products’, ‘Keyword Auto-fill’ on the product search, ‘Your Personalized Store’, and ‘Items to Consider’. While some of these features are relatively easy to implement e. g. ‘1-click Ordering’, others are not so easy and demand an advanced platform. But selling goods isn’t the only way to make money with Amazon. com. The Web site’s affiliate program is one of the most famous on the Web. Through Amazon’s   Associate Program , anyone with a Web site can post a link to Amazon. com and earn some money. The associate can also take advantage of Amazon Web Services , which is the program that lets people use Amazon’s benefits for their own purposes. The Amazon Web Services API (application programming interface) lets developers access the Amazon technology infrastructure to build their own applications for their own Web sites. All product sales generated by those Web sites have to go through Amazon. om, and the associate gets a small commission on each sale. On the flip side, Amazon seems to not have kept up with the Web 2. 0 and Web 3. 0 user interface improvements and for most part still incorporates Web 1. 0 technology which means – you still need a mouse click to view a product as opposed to being able to see product details with a mouse roll-over. Amazon could use a ma ke-over to make for a brighter shopping experience. For my opinion Amazon’s e-commerce business model is stronger than Wal-Mart’s e-commerce business model because E-commerce is Amazon’s core mission and environment. Amazon started with a store that was properly feature-rich for its time and has gone on to strengthen that foundation. Today, it probably defenses as the leader in terms of the richness of its e-Commerce features, product breadth, personalized recommendations and depth of content available across e-commerce sites. However, there is a need for Amazon to offer a simplified and trendier shopping experience as an alternative which many other sites now offer. I don’t think Wal-Mart will replace Amazon any time soon, if ever, but it gives them a good shot of increasing their overall Web penetration. Amazon’s value proposition until now has been a broad assortment. This enables Walmart to compete with other companies with big assortments. I would prefer to make my internet purchases at Wal-Mart because this company has a great experience and long term history. Wal-Mart exists almost 50 years, Amazon is a brand new, successful but still doesn’t have that experience that Wal-Mart does. Some reviewers have actually built their following on Amazon. com with good quality reviews. References 1. â€Å"Wal-Mart Form 10K: Portions of Annual Report to Shareholders†. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved June 28, 2011. 2. Ann Zimmerman (2010-06-07). â€Å"Rival Chains Secretly Fund Opposition to Walmart†. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-06-08. 3. Daniel, Fran (2010-09-29). â€Å"Head of Walmart tells WFU audience of plans for growth over next 20 years†. Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 4. Walton, Sam; Huey, John. Sam Walton: Made in America: My Story. New York: Bantam, 1993. ISBN 978-0-553-56283-5. 5. Sam Walton: Great From the Start — HBS Working Knowledge 6. Frank, T. A. â€Å"A Brief History of Wal-Mart. † The Washington Monthly. April 1, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2006. 7. â€Å"The Rise of Wal-Mart†. Frontline: Is Wal-Mart Good for America?. 2004-11-16. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 8. â€Å"The Wal-Mart Timeline. † Wal-Mart (published on walmartfacts. com). Retrieved July 24, 2006. 9. â€Å"2010 Form 10-K, Amazon. com, Inc. â€Å". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 10. â€Å"Amazon. com Site Info†. Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2011-12-02. 11. Jopson, Barney (2011-07-12). â€Å"Amazon urges California referendum on online tax†. FT. com. Retrieved 2011-08-04. 12. â€Å"Amazon Spain launch may presage new overseas push†, Reuters, Sept 14, 2011. 3. Ann Byers (2006). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon. com 14. â€Å"Harvard Business Review†. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 15. â€Å"Person of the Year – Jeffrey P. Bezos†. Time Magazine. 1999-12-27. Archived from the original on 2000-04-08. Retrieved 2008-01-05. 16. Rivlin, Gary (2005-07- 10). â€Å"A Retail Revolution Turns 10†. Seattle, WA: The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-04. 17. â€Å"Amazon. com Introduces New Logo; New Design Communicates Customer Satisfaction and A-to-Z Selection†. Corporate IR. net. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 18. Amazon company timeline, Corporate IR. * How to cite Amazon vs Wallmart, Essay examples

Recommendation Report free essay sample

When we’ve enrolled this subject we didn’t know what this is all about, in our mind we think that it’s all about writing. When Mr. Mark Gil Gabe introduced this subject we’ve learned that technical writing is very important in our lives, courses, and it is a unique subject. This subject consist of different students and courses but we ended up of one definition that technical writing is giving an account of an aspect of a particular business, science, technology, trade, industry and other profession. We have learned that the relevance of technical writing helps us to understand easily on how to operate a certain technology through user’s manual and guide. We’ve learned also the qualities of a good report writer this are the following: organized thinking, objectivity, mental alertness, intellectual curiosity, motivation if we have all this qualities we can organized and identify all the information we’ve gathered. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendation Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can easily know what the purpose of collecting data, we have the confident and eagerness to engage in a certain activity and to learned something. The basic principle of effective technical writing gives us an idea to understand our reader we’ve learned this topic that we should think that our leader is intelligent, we should know our exact purpose of our technical report, in order when we delivered it we can give them the perfect information they needed, In writing a technical report, we should use a simple language and a familiar one in order to them to understand. In technical writing it is important to learn the steps; we need to plan first in writing a report. We need to think and to study, after this we collect all the information through interviews, scan notes taken from books and journals and surfing the internet. Then designing, rough drafting, and the final step is revising the report. Technical writing got a lot of end products such as abstract, business letter, feasibility report and so on. Technical writing thought me and my partner how to produce a good report and to become an effective reporter using different expository techniques. The techniques are definition, description of mechanism and process, classification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, illustrations, partition, analogy and interpretation. Technical writing is written in a technical form. We’ve learned that if we didn’t understand some words we can easily refer to the so called â€Å"Holistic Guide â€Å"where in each word was represented by the English Alphabet Letter such as A as accuracy, B as brevity, C as confidence and so on. This guide contains familiar words which we can understand easily. In technical report we’ve learned the nature and function. The function of this is to give a useful information to the readers in order them to understand. This is the characteristic of a report are the following systematic, objectivity, factual, informative, functional. It is very important to know this so that when we make a report we can easily organized it well and it help us to create an effective report. This subject gives information about the different types of reports and how to make it. We’ve learned that in writing a report there is a length it is either long or short, then the format is either formal or informal. This is some of the example of report feasibility report, field report , research report, proposal, and so on. Making business letter is quite difficult but now we’ve learned how to create and it is not important to use a complex word in writing it. We’ve learned also the different parts of business letter and its function. Therefore we are so very bless that we enrolled this subject because we’ve learned a lot about technical writing and its significance in our lives.