Requirements to Be a Doctoral Candidate

Informally known as All But Dissertation (or ABD), the doctoral candidate has completed all of the requirements for the doctoral degree with the exception of his or her  dissertation. A student usually advances to a doctoral candidate once he or she has completed all coursework required for the degree and has passed the doctoral comprehensive exam. As a doctoral candidate, the students final task is to complete the dissertation. The Long Road to Dissertation Although coursework may have come to an end once the students submit to be doctoral candidates, their journeys to full accreditation  as doctorates are far from over. Many doctoral candidates remain in the ABD status for several reasons including difficulty conducting research, time management and motivational deficits, interfering employment that distracts from research time, and ultimately a loss of interest in the subject matter.   Throughout their education, the advisor will conduct weekly to bi-weekly meetings with the student, guiding them along the path to a strong dissertation. The earlier you start working on yours during medical school, the better. Its best to keep in mind that the dissertation you develop must contain a specific hypothesis that can be tested and peer-reviewed, supported or rejected by new data discovered by the student.   Ph.D. candidates  must work independently, which often leads to lengthy periods at the ABD status, especially if students made the common grad school mistake of not vetting their dissertation ideas through colleagues and faculty members while enrolled in the doctoral program. Time is a huge factor in the ability of a doctoral candidate to complete his or her dissertation, so waiting until the last minute to begin could result in these candidates remaining in limbo for many years before publishing their work. Defending the Dissertation Once a student does manage to complete his or her dissertation, the Ph.D. candidate then must defend their statement in front of a panel of faculty members. Fortunately, a dissertation advisor and committee are granted to students hoping to complete their doctorate. As a student, you should utilize these advisors to the fullest extent to ensure that your dissertation is ready for the public forum in which you must defend it.   Once the public defense of the candidates dissertation is completed to a satisfactory level, the committee overseeing the defense will submit a Defense Final Report form to the program and the student will submit the approved dissertation  electronically into the schools database, completing the final paperwork for their degree.   After the Dissertation From there provided that they pass the defense, the candidate will be awarded their full doctorate degree and will officially become an M.D. or Ph.D. and can begin shopping out their resume to potential employers and seek the recommendation letters of their advisors, faculty members, and friends in order to better their chances of gainful employment.

The World and Literature Changes in the 1930s - 823 Words

During, the 1930’s the world was in a time of great depression, with economic and political uncertainty fueled after the stock market crash in 1929. Many US banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed on homeowners. Croplands in the Midwest lost their topsoil and were ruined during the Dust Bowl drought, with many farmers relocating to California. Unemployment affected a large part of the work force, leaving a population of long-term joblessness. Ultimately, the stock market crash left a dramatic end to an era of unprecedented, and unprecedentedly lopsided, prosperity (H. Staff). Supporters of Eugenics movements an extension of Social Darwinism were realizing the misconception they were under. This consciousness came when the wealthy suddenly became poor and reality of genocide caused the extreme end to eugenics. Consequently, total dissolution of eugenics in the United States was a slow process, due to the persistence of racial discrimination (Rogers). It was during this significant time during the 1930s, when literature, politics, and economics changed its platform, inspiring writers to form allegiances directly or indirectly to political parties (S. Staff). For example, Adam Kirsch comments in his article, How the Great Depression Spawned Literary Masterworks: At a time when the Communist Party was presenting itself as the strongest force for progress, these writers saw capitalist America as a dying society in need of revolutionary changes. Never before or sinceShow MoreRelatedThe Lost Generation Analysis1251 Words   |  6 PagesPart 1 â€Å"American Literature and Fiction of the Lost Generation (1900-1929)† The â€Å"Lost Generation†, in the field of literature, refers to a group of, American writers who, came of age, while the country was in the throes of WW1. The term was coined by Gertrude Stein and popularized by, Ernest Hemingway, (Figure 1) and is meant to refer to the fact that the values it inherited, held little relevance in the postwar world, (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). Figure 1 Ernest Hemingway shown at hisRead More The Chrysanthemums Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagespersonification which increase the stories feeling and value exponentially. Steinbeck was critically acclaimed for his portrayal of the â€Å"common man† through his ability to illustrate in a â€Å"realistic style rich with symbolism,† the essence of life in the 1930’s (Price, Victoria). The setting of the story is unique because it has a direct connection with the author; Salinas California is Steinbeck’s birthplace (Millichap, Joseph R). 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Amazon vs Wallmart Free Essays

string(89) " saving on business travel cost, investing in technology, eliminating unnecessary costs\." Amazon vs Wallm Amazon vs. Walmart Alexandra Tikhonkikh Professor N. Kentish Metropolitan College of New York The case study Amazon vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon vs Wallmart or any similar topic only for you Order Now Walmart is illustrated several concepts, which was described in the chapter. One of them is a sales Revenue Model where companies get revenue by selling goods, information, or services to customers. Like Amazon. com which sells books, music, and other products. Another one is e-tailer model. It is close to the typical bricks-and-mortar storefront, except that customers only need to connect to the Internet to check their items and place an order. The value scheme of e-tailers is to provide convenient, low-cost shopping 24/7, offering large assortments and consumer choice. Some e-tailers, such as Walmart. com, indicated to as â€Å"bricks-and-clicks,† are divisions of existing physical stores and have the same products. Others, however, exist only in the virtual world, without any ties to physical locations like Amazon. com. Before we going to analyze Amazon and Walmart. om using the value chain and competitive forces models, we suppose to describe these two concepts. Business Value Chain Model include: 1) views firms as series of activities that add value to products or services, 2) highlights activities, 3) primary activities vs. secondary activities, 4) regulate how information systems could advance customer and supplier disintermediation at each step of developm ent, 5) utilize benchmarking. Michael Porter’s competitive forces model provides general view of firm, its competitors, and environment. It also substitutes products and services. The model include customers and suppliers, moreover, it contains traditional competitors and new market entrants. Besides, five competitive forces shape fate of firm. Amazon. com started as on line bookseller, but has expended into a wide variety of media, electronics, and other general merchandise categories in support of its business strategy. Amazon’s value chain includes primary and support activities. Primary activities are very important for business, because those needed to manufacture a product or services for the end users. These activities typically include: 1) service: basically meant by after-sales support like user training, install applications, customer support and etc. , 2) operations: manufacturing the product, 3) inbound logistics: receiving goods from supplier and storing those goods, 4) outbound logistics: sending goods to wholesalers, retailers or directly to the end customer, 5) marketing and sales: product needed to be sold to the end customer, to understand customer requirements and also to promote goods. Support activities help to facilitate or assist the primary activities of producing product. There are four category: 1) Procurement: purchasing raw material and other items used in operations, 2) Human Resource Management : recruiting, hiring, firing, training, developing, compensating, 3) Technological Development : research and development, process automation, software, hardware, equipment, etc. , 4) Infrastructure : may include accounting, legal, finance, planning, public affairs, government relations, quality assurance and general management. As to Amazon’s competitive advantages from a value chain there are several strategies of development like strong technological infrastructure with a single platform, high investments in technology development for example Kindle, the best leverage digital products, great product forecasting system, print on demand, constantly imploring suggestions on new products, easy and fast payment system, 24/7 operations, free returns within 30 days. Amazon. com competes with product specific retailers; online marketplace and mass merchandise retailers. This creates an environment of intense competition and requires Amazon. com to differentiate itself uniquely based on the competitor. Let’s try to consider a Wal-Mart position from the competitive model as well. Competition among rivals is fairly weak. The market is crowded but Wal-Mart has the lowest costs, prices, profits, and market share. The warning of substitute products is also weak. Wal-Mart exerts a great deal of effort in making sure they are innovative and meeting customer requests. The bargaining power of suppliers is weak as well. For most producers, Wal-Mart would be their largest account. The bargaining power of buyers is also weak. There is a very broad base of customers and a meaningful demand for low prices. The threat of new entrants is weak. Wal-Mart has a scale of operation that is very important, it would take years, maybe even decades, for a new company to be on the same level. Even prominent companies today would have really difficult time matching the costs and prices Wal-Mart provides. A more sophisticated analysis of Wal-Mart’s internal value chain shows that Wal-Mart is hold in esteem to technology and was the ? rst merchant, which uses bar codes. It also uses satellite connections to communicate with all its stores. Moreover, Wal-Mart has integrated its POS, inventory-control, RFID, and other logistical technologies to haste product delivery, improve security and decrease costs. Besides It has developed regional obtaining centers in addition to its legendary center in Bentonville, Arkansas. Wal-Mart even has one in Shenzhen, China. Merchants set up satellite of? ces next door to the most suitable procurement center. Because Wal-Mart is a retailer, not a manufacturer, its external value chain is extremely simple. It deals with a variety of merchants and sells to customers. But the secret to discovering what makes Wal-Mart successful in studying its internal value chain. We should mentioned Walmart’s competitive advantages from a value chain perspective. First of all it is a distribution capabilities: well-organized distribution, leadership of Walmart’s own distribution centers and â€Å"inside-out† location strategy. Second, is partnership relationship with merchants: integrates suppliers via IT ; treats them well in terms of pricing, they are more business partners than â€Å"value takers†. Third, is advanced data mining: dynamic group and usage of customer buying behavior report. Forth, workforce culture and EDPL: customer-oriented workforce interested through substantial monetary contribution and belief in Walmart’s culture. And that’s not hard consider the fact that Walmart is almost 50 years old. Wal-Mart’s business strategy is to provide â€Å"Every day Lower Prices† or EDPL for all its products and services. Their organization, company culture, and supply chain management all support and emphasize this business strategy. Also, Wal-Mart use strategy of managing costs which include: budgeting payroll cost, saving on business travel cost, investing in technology, eliminating unnecessary costs. You read "Amazon vs Wallmart" in category "Essay examples" Another strategy that we have to mention is a strategy of managing growth, which consists of location and acquisition. And the last one called strategy of managing people resources. Every company that wants to be successful supposes to pay attention to this strategy as well. Internal promotions, employee motivating and external recruitment are the main components of this strategy. By implementing these three important strategies successfully, Wal-Mart has become from a single store to the biggest retailer in the United States and the biggest company in the world. The cost management strategy of Wal-Mart was created an operational model with the lowest cost which was increased the ratio of profit on the financial reports. Products found in Wal-Mart stores are not considered to be a high-end, luxury, or fashion oriented. Because their strategy is being a low price leader. Wal-Mart aims to provide a wide variety of products under one location for a low price. Wal-Mart stores also carry their own private labels that compete on price with national brands. Moreover, the growth management strategy had hauled Wal-Mart into the right direction of investment and expanded radically around the distribution center. However, the people management strategy motivates all employees to work more efficiency and generates a great workplace environment which full of self-improvement, competition, and respects. It also provides a chance for people to build-up experience from the low-rank position to the high-rank position. Consequently, strong management in these three strategies had transformed Wal-Mart into the biggest company in the world with the highest number of workers worldwide and had also provided benefits to millions of people around the world by transferring avoidable cost into low-cost products. Now we are going to consider the management, organization and technology factors that have contributed to the success of Amazon. Firs of all, Amazon is convenient and easy of use. It has a large selection of different items, unlimited virtual shelf space and wholesale relations, so you could find any product for acceptable price. The service is high performance, which could be proven by high speed and reliability. Customers are kept informed well about new products and the system that provides shipping makes the process fast. Also, Amazon use innovative technology, which contribute development and support of all system in whole. For short time Amazon. com became a well-known brand with cross promotion, high advertising, co-branding and publisher relations. Amazon. com is also famous for its large community where customer and author reviews post. It has a great gift policy for customer like bookmarks, notepads, cups, etc. Amazon arranges promotions where customers could collaborate with famous authors. The site has a large customer database with personalization pages, which contain extensive customer profiles. It also has recommendation pages, which help other readers make a right choice. Amazon has a high trust for their users because of guarantees and return policy. Great customer service is also promote trust of users because of superior service reps, easy search, email confirmation, extended service, extensive subject index, ability to order before publication. By the way Amazon has good cost structure. Besides low prices it has fast, reliable and inexpensive shipping. Amazon and Wal-Mart using e-commerce is a fascinating combination of business models and new information technologies. Wal-Mart’s impressive growth in such a short time and perhaps the most important factor in it’s rise was their exploiting of the dominance of e-business, e-procurement, and the modification of internal processes to maximize it’s benefits. In compare with others companies, Wal-Mart transformed supply chain management by using a sales revenue model where customer requests satisfy by wise variety of goods. Inventory control is perfect improved and purchasing trends are available to sellers, whom nowadays must be able to respond as quickly as possible to the needs of millions of customers. To decentralize the procurement was a great business decision for Wal-Mart, that helped simplify the process for employees in every store immediately order the applicable stock automatically, which is require prompt turnout of product from the suppliers. This fast replenishment system, attached with perfect purchasing forecasting, helps Wal-Mart reduce overall costs. Wal-Mart’s power as a giant in business has helped in establishing new standards for B2B e-commerce. Wal-Mart’s approach of cutting costs at all costs resulted in them deploying EDI over the Internet to eliminate the costly VAN altogether. EDI over the Internet (EDI-INT) uses a new standard called AS2, a communication protocol that attempts to make EDI communications over the Internet both secure and reliable. By mandating their suppliers to use AS2, Wal-Mart leads the way in creating a demand for a new generation of EDI, and in turn drives the whole world of e-business advancing. Amazon’s e-commerce business model Amazon started as a store that focused primarily on books and music. It quickly expanded to other sectors and now sells products in nearly every segment – apparel, home improvement, groceries. In addition, Amazon has expanded from a Business-to-Consumer (B2C) only store to a mixed model with its corporate account functionality that focuses on business customers. Added to the mix, is the Amazon marketplace – Amazon’s answer to eBay, which allows merchants to list their products and customers to purchase from merchants while using Amazon’s e-commerce platform. As a provider of e-Commerce software to mid-market, we use Amazon as a reference for the features it has on the web store. Some of these features not easily found on other sites include the ‘1-Click Ordering’, ‘Customer Viewing’, ‘Recently Viewed Products’, ‘Keyword Auto-fill’ on the product search, ‘Your Personalized Store’, and ‘Items to Consider’. While some of these features are relatively easy to implement e. g. ‘1-click Ordering’, others are not so easy and demand an advanced platform. But selling goods isn’t the only way to make money with Amazon. com. The Web site’s affiliate program is one of the most famous on the Web. Through Amazon’s   Associate Program , anyone with a Web site can post a link to Amazon. com and earn some money. The associate can also take advantage of Amazon Web Services , which is the program that lets people use Amazon’s benefits for their own purposes. The Amazon Web Services API (application programming interface) lets developers access the Amazon technology infrastructure to build their own applications for their own Web sites. All product sales generated by those Web sites have to go through Amazon. om, and the associate gets a small commission on each sale. On the flip side, Amazon seems to not have kept up with the Web 2. 0 and Web 3. 0 user interface improvements and for most part still incorporates Web 1. 0 technology which means – you still need a mouse click to view a product as opposed to being able to see product details with a mouse roll-over. Amazon could use a ma ke-over to make for a brighter shopping experience. For my opinion Amazon’s e-commerce business model is stronger than Wal-Mart’s e-commerce business model because E-commerce is Amazon’s core mission and environment. Amazon started with a store that was properly feature-rich for its time and has gone on to strengthen that foundation. Today, it probably defenses as the leader in terms of the richness of its e-Commerce features, product breadth, personalized recommendations and depth of content available across e-commerce sites. However, there is a need for Amazon to offer a simplified and trendier shopping experience as an alternative which many other sites now offer. I don’t think Wal-Mart will replace Amazon any time soon, if ever, but it gives them a good shot of increasing their overall Web penetration. Amazon’s value proposition until now has been a broad assortment. This enables Walmart to compete with other companies with big assortments. I would prefer to make my internet purchases at Wal-Mart because this company has a great experience and long term history. Wal-Mart exists almost 50 years, Amazon is a brand new, successful but still doesn’t have that experience that Wal-Mart does. Some reviewers have actually built their following on Amazon. com with good quality reviews. References 1. â€Å"Wal-Mart Form 10K: Portions of Annual Report to Shareholders†. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved June 28, 2011. 2. Ann Zimmerman (2010-06-07). â€Å"Rival Chains Secretly Fund Opposition to Walmart†. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-06-08. 3. Daniel, Fran (2010-09-29). â€Å"Head of Walmart tells WFU audience of plans for growth over next 20 years†. Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 4. Walton, Sam; Huey, John. Sam Walton: Made in America: My Story. New York: Bantam, 1993. ISBN 978-0-553-56283-5. 5. Sam Walton: Great From the Start — HBS Working Knowledge 6. Frank, T. A. â€Å"A Brief History of Wal-Mart. † The Washington Monthly. April 1, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2006. 7. â€Å"The Rise of Wal-Mart†. Frontline: Is Wal-Mart Good for America?. 2004-11-16. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 8. â€Å"The Wal-Mart Timeline. † Wal-Mart (published on walmartfacts. com). Retrieved July 24, 2006. 9. â€Å"2010 Form 10-K, Amazon. com, Inc. â€Å". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 10. â€Å"Amazon. com Site Info†. Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2011-12-02. 11. Jopson, Barney (2011-07-12). â€Å"Amazon urges California referendum on online tax†. FT. com. Retrieved 2011-08-04. 12. â€Å"Amazon Spain launch may presage new overseas push†, Reuters, Sept 14, 2011. 3. Ann Byers (2006). Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon. com 14. â€Å"Harvard Business Review†. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 15. â€Å"Person of the Year – Jeffrey P. Bezos†. Time Magazine. 1999-12-27. Archived from the original on 2000-04-08. Retrieved 2008-01-05. 16. Rivlin, Gary (2005-07- 10). â€Å"A Retail Revolution Turns 10†. Seattle, WA: The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-04. 17. â€Å"Amazon. com Introduces New Logo; New Design Communicates Customer Satisfaction and A-to-Z Selection†. Corporate IR. net. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 18. Amazon company timeline, Corporate IR. * How to cite Amazon vs Wallmart, Essay examples

Recommendation Report free essay sample

When we’ve enrolled this subject we didn’t know what this is all about, in our mind we think that it’s all about writing. When Mr. Mark Gil Gabe introduced this subject we’ve learned that technical writing is very important in our lives, courses, and it is a unique subject. This subject consist of different students and courses but we ended up of one definition that technical writing is giving an account of an aspect of a particular business, science, technology, trade, industry and other profession. We have learned that the relevance of technical writing helps us to understand easily on how to operate a certain technology through user’s manual and guide. We’ve learned also the qualities of a good report writer this are the following: organized thinking, objectivity, mental alertness, intellectual curiosity, motivation if we have all this qualities we can organized and identify all the information we’ve gathered. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendation Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can easily know what the purpose of collecting data, we have the confident and eagerness to engage in a certain activity and to learned something. The basic principle of effective technical writing gives us an idea to understand our reader we’ve learned this topic that we should think that our leader is intelligent, we should know our exact purpose of our technical report, in order when we delivered it we can give them the perfect information they needed, In writing a technical report, we should use a simple language and a familiar one in order to them to understand. In technical writing it is important to learn the steps; we need to plan first in writing a report. We need to think and to study, after this we collect all the information through interviews, scan notes taken from books and journals and surfing the internet. Then designing, rough drafting, and the final step is revising the report. Technical writing got a lot of end products such as abstract, business letter, feasibility report and so on. Technical writing thought me and my partner how to produce a good report and to become an effective reporter using different expository techniques. The techniques are definition, description of mechanism and process, classification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, illustrations, partition, analogy and interpretation. Technical writing is written in a technical form. We’ve learned that if we didn’t understand some words we can easily refer to the so called â€Å"Holistic Guide â€Å"where in each word was represented by the English Alphabet Letter such as A as accuracy, B as brevity, C as confidence and so on. This guide contains familiar words which we can understand easily. In technical report we’ve learned the nature and function. The function of this is to give a useful information to the readers in order them to understand. This is the characteristic of a report are the following systematic, objectivity, factual, informative, functional. It is very important to know this so that when we make a report we can easily organized it well and it help us to create an effective report. This subject gives information about the different types of reports and how to make it. We’ve learned that in writing a report there is a length it is either long or short, then the format is either formal or informal. This is some of the example of report feasibility report, field report , research report, proposal, and so on. Making business letter is quite difficult but now we’ve learned how to create and it is not important to use a complex word in writing it. We’ve learned also the different parts of business letter and its function. Therefore we are so very bless that we enrolled this subject because we’ve learned a lot about technical writing and its significance in our lives.

Falling in Love as Part of Natural Selection

Healthcare reform initiatives that have been implemented in the past 2

Healthcare reform initiatives that have been implemented in the past 2 Introduction For a long time now, the polarizing debate concerning the healthcare systems of the United States of America has never ceased. Some people have argued that the Americans receive the best health care in the world with reference to the freely available medical technology as well as the system’s highly emblematic state-of-the-art facilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare reform initiatives that have been implemented in the past 2-3 years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrast, others have pointed out that it is the most inefficient in the world with the government spending very much on healthcare yet the citizens are prone to inequality, uninsurance and administrative waste. As a result, the government of USA initiated reforms to be made in the health care systems in a bid to perfect it to becoming one of the best in the world. If implemented, the reforms will lead to the bigge st expansion of the Medicare to have existed in the last 45 years (Reid 21). This paper is therefore a discussion and identification of the health care reforms that have been implemented in the past 2-3 years. The provisions of health care reforms It is during his tenure that President Obama became the signatory of the health care reform legislation into law in March 2010 (Bunce 4). He did this by signing two federal statutes that were enacted in the same year. These are Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. According to the new law, the health care system is bound to improve such that more people become insured and ensure that quality services are offered among other stipulated reforms. The reform was planned to take part in two phases with the first phase taking place between 2010 and 2013. This has provisions for expanding the insurance option such that more people obtain medical covers. In the second phas e Organizations will be forced to make sure that they obtain insurance for their employees. Implemented Reforms Since the enactment of the provisions into law, most of the reforms have already taken place some of which include the following;Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been an extension on the coverage for young adults such that they can continue being on the plans of their parents until they are 26 years of age. This has ensured that the young adults continue to receive proper healthcare until the time when they get jobs and are now able to pay for their own insurance (Reid 34). The lifetime limit that was before imposed is no longer in place as insurance companies have been banned from enforcing the lifetime dollar limits they initially placed o services such as the stay in hospitals. At the present, there are about 4 million businesses that have been authorized to get credit to cater for the employer’s contribution with regard to the health insurance plans for employees. This therefore ensures that the small businesses afford the expected contribution to the health insurance firms. The new plans have free preventive procedures on health care. For instance mammograms and colonoscopies are provided free on charge without being deducted on the employees pay slips. The consumers are protected such that they can make appeals on issue concerning their insurance. The reforms have seen that the primary care medical doctors are encouraged through incentives such as having their number increased, being allocated assistants to help them among others (Network 1). On the same matter, those healthcare providers working in the rural areas are offered increased support to ensure that they increase their efficiency in those areas. As a result the whole population has access to proper health care. The reforms have also seen the implementa tion of funding for projects that are aimed at preventing disease through the health fund. This is done through the Public Health Fund that was begun in the year 2010 (Network 1). Other of the reforms that have been implemented and are already in action up to no include; Increased home options for the disabled people, aid for the seniors once they leave the hospital on stays, discounted costs on Medicare, improved accountability and creation for a center of Medicare and Medicare innovation just to mention but a few. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be clearly seen that the signing of the bills by President Obama was a big step towards the beginning of attainment of proper health care for the American citizens. Despite the many challenges such as political influences and legal challenges, some of the reforms have been already implanted. The fact that these reforms are many number means that they cannot be all implanted at once hence the reason for the phases put in place to ensure the implementations occur sequentially. However, at the time when all the documented reforms are implemented, then Americans will be enjoying the best health care system in the whole world. This is because the better part of the population will be insured and all having access to proper health care. Bunce, V. and Matthews, M. The 2008 presidential candidates on health care reform. Web. Network. What is changing already as the healthcare reform law is implemented? Web. Reid, T. The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper and Fairer Health Care. 2009. Penquin Books.

Applying the conceot of Positive Deviance Article

Applying the conceot of Positive Deviance - Article Example The patient developed septic shock after contracting an HAI called MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Tragic demise of my friend’s relative was an event which was preventable, but it happened because more attention was laid on treatment and less on prevention. Lack of awareness regarding HIAs is also a big problem. The need of the time is to use a different approach to handle the growing problem of HIAs as current approaches have had poor success in terms of outcomes. We need to bring in the method of PD to identify those individuals or positive deviants who are present in every community and who use unconventional practices or behaviors to successfully solve even the most intractable problems (Bradley et al., 2009). Such individuals offer better solutions than their peers who remain unsuccessful even while having access to same kind of resources. This is why PD is popularized as â€Å"a refreshing theory for social change† (Pascale et al., cited in Sellnow & Seeger, 2013). In order to prevent HIAs and address this grave healthcare issue, strategic initiatives should be taken based on introducing and promoting new behaviors till they transform into permanent habits and creating sustainable change. Research claims that one of the biggest hurdles in the way of PD is to get large numbers of people to quickly embrace a desired behavioral change (Seidman & McCauley, 2009, p. 27). Any behavioral change should be slowly â€Å"communicated over time among members of a social system† (Rogers, cited in Dingfelder & Mandell, 2011). This is called the process of diffusion. In case of HIAs, we should especially remember the famous awareness iceberg according to which crisis in the form of untimely death occurs because there is lack of awareness regarding the intensity of the issue in hospitals. Only 4% problems are visible or known to top managers. Remaining problems remain hidden under the water (Gardam, 2009). Research identifies an established

How Gender Roles Changed in the United States Over the Last Century Essay

How Gender Roles Changed in the United States Over the Last Century - Essay Example How Gender Roles Changed in the United States Over the Last Century In America, there have been drastic changes regarding the gender roles, notably in the last century. Such changes in the gender roles have affected the American society all round, starting from homes, schools, workplaces and even the government. Most of these changes have seen the female gender become more and more empowered and greatly involved in all issues of the society, which were previously reserved for men. Consequently, the gender constitution of workplaces and schools has changed, having more of the female gender being incorporated in areas that were previously dominated by the male gender only. While such changes have been welcome by many in the society, there did not lack some quarters from which resistance was experienced. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the resistance, the change in gender roles in the American society has occurred anyway. Then right to vote is one such change in gender roles that has occurred in the American society, in the last century. Previously, starting from the colonial times, women were not allowed to vote. However, this changed in 1920, with the 19th amendment to the US constitution, which allowed all genders to be involved in voting, without any discrimination, based on their sexes. This right was fought for by women parties and associations such as the Women suffrage and the National Women party, which sought to have women allowed to vote. The fight for the right to vote was speed up by the World War I, which was referred to, as the war for democracy. After the war ended, women undertook several protests to have them indulged in voting. Although, their protests were ignored for duration of six months, consistency in agitating and protesting eventually made the government agree to consider their grievances (David, 113). Eventually, the government agreed on the 19th amendment, which allowed wo men to be involved in voting, for all elective posts, both in the government and other organizations. This has acted as a major step towards enhancing equality for all genders, in matters to do with decision making, as earlier, only the male gender would be involved in such decision making, thus instilling their will on the female gender (Bailey, 36). The right to vote has allowed women not only vote for the members of the male gender, but also the female as well. This has allowed them get involved and represented in all spheres such as political, religious, social, and economic. Another major change in the gender roles is the roles played by women in the workplace currently, compared to the past centuries. There has been a great increase in the number of women at the workplace, who accounts for 47% of the entire American workforce currently (David, 65). By the year 1995, the percentage of women who were working away from their homes had increased to a tune of 76%. By the start of t he 20th century, women were not expected to be working and as such were meant to remain at home and undertake the domestic duties such as caring for children and performing other domestic chores such as cooking and washing. However, with increased access for education by the female gender, their

Health Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Article - Essay Example Recently in 2011, Normann Stadler, winner of Triathlon underwent a surgery for aortic aneurysm. Cardiac Elctrophysiologist, John Mandrola says that it is only obvious that there is a link between CVD and over exercising since the heart is being constantly inflamed and not being given the time to heal at all. Benjamin Levine, director of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine in Dallas and professor of medicine at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center is of the opinion that moderate levels of exercising lends protection from CVD’s but there is no upper limit to this exercising. Since recent studies find that marathon runners suffer from greater instances of coronary plaque and therefore the myth that running bestows a 100% protection must be debunked. Paul Williams, director of project called the National Runners Health Study studied 2377 runners and walkers and found that in 10 years 526 of them died and 71.5% of the death were from CVD’s. The most important conclusion of William’s study is that even though walking or running daily lend protection to the heart, if the distance of walking exceeded a daily limit of 10.7 km or that of running exceeded 7.1 km the person might suffer from CVD’s in the future. There is more than one example of endurance athletes falling prey to cardiovascular diseases in spite of training on a daily basis. Thus, the article clearly vindicates the statement that more exercise does not necessarily mean greater health and over-dose of daily exercises can potentially increase

Participation and Independence in Health and Social Care

Participation and Independence in Health and Social Care Analysis of how organizational systems and processes are managed to promote participation and independence of users of health and social care service. Imran Table of Contents (Jump to) Explain factors that may contribute to loss of independence, non-participation, and social exclusion for vulnerable people Analysis how organizational systems and processes are managed to promote participation and independence of users of health and social care service. 1.2 Analyse the presenting factors that may affect the self medicate. Question: Identify the risks that may occur. and What measures can be initiated to minimize risks? Question What you would consider to be the advantage and disadvantages of Jeans self medication Question: Do you think Jean should be encouraged for self medication. Give reasons for your answer Question 2: How will you support Mr H to meet his dietary needs? Question: Analyse how will you manage the tension to enable Mr H to cook his meal safely and your responsibility to ensure his safety and that of others. Question 3: Obtain a copy of your organizational risk assessment policy, procedure and analyse the effectiveness of policies procedure in management of risks (AC 3.2) Question 4: Identify and review current legislation, codes of practice, policy on medication administration in a residential home. Obtain copy of your organization policy and procedure, evaluate the effectiveness of the in line with health and social care requirements (AC 4.1 and 4.2) Question: analyse how national service standards promote safe practice in the handling of medication evaluate, using a known setting, the effectiveness of policies and procedures for administering medication in achieving best possible outcomes for service users Question 5: Communication is vital in health and social care, analyse how you can use the effective communication to promote and maximize the right of service -users in health and social care (AC 1.3) Question 6: Explain the factors that contribute to loss of independence, non participation and social exclusion of service (AC 2.1) References Case Study 1 Task -1 Explain how existing legislation and sector skills standards influence organizational policies and practices for promoting and maximising the rights of bob and other service users in similar situations. Also analyse how organizational system and processes are managed to promote participation and independence of users of health and social care service (AC 2.1 and 2.2) 2.1 Explain factors that may contribute to loss of independence, non-participation, and social exclusion for vulnerable people Answer: In the given case Mr Bob Small is a individual with profound deaf (God Bless him) and he is out of work due to sickness related stress. He has got diabetic, suffererred stroke. His physical condition is such that he is not in a position of communicating with general people. Only someone has knowledge in communicating him with sign language can communicate. Or if he needs to go out and mix with others he needs someone who can help him for doing this for him. This is how he would have felt better, mix with other people. In addition when any individual is not physically well they do not feel like communicating with others. Doctors also suggest to take rest. However, as someone is not deaf or not able to speak or has problem with any other physical condition they can communicate their problem which does not happen for physically disadvantaged people. They need care and support from others. Legislation and national service standards: Care Standards Act and relevant current legislation including that for health and safety; Care Standards Commission, inspection processes Following describes a situation of Mr. Small on different issues: Goals of need Desired Outcome Ways of achieving it Who is responsible Time Scale Regular support Mr. Smalls day to day activities is smooth Regular support Government Regular Support in communication Mr Small can communicate with others Therapy Government Until he learns to communicate Encourage Mr. Small to communicate with others Mr Small is communicating with others Motivation Government Until he is comfortable to communicate Treatment Mr small is feeling better GP, Hospital treatment NHS Until he is well Loneliness Mr Small has companion in different times Mixing with people Government Regular Organizational system and processes are there to help anyone in the situation of Mr Small. Followings are the activities can be initiate to encourage individual to promote participation and independence of users of health and social care service 2.2 Analysis how organizational systems and processes are managed to promote participation and independence of users of health and social care service. Answer Organization system and processes can promote Mr Smalls participation and independence or anyone like him who uses the service of social care by (Richards, 1996): 1. Ensuring the performance of the workers who will provide their service are up to the high standard and professional. They do their work in sincerely so that individuals with similar problem can find it motivating to mix with other. The social worker also can help the individual needs care with learning and showing how to communicate and mix with other. This will help to build their confidence for long time. 2. Organizations can provide the information about the individual needs care. Information will help the social worker and other related parties to decide what sort of service and care is needed by the service seeker 3. The organization system and processes can empower the social worker to take decision about the individual in need. So that in terms of the situational issues they can work accordingly. However there has to b enough safety steps and also the person providing social care has to be expert and professional in the job who has detail understanding of handling similar individuals. Case Study 2 1.2 Analyse the presenting factors that may affect the self medicate. Answer In case Ms. Jean Barlow following factors may affect the self medicate: In case of Ms Barlow she was a confident person but her confidence is shaken in 7 months hospital stay. She became nervous and less like to prove her confidence again immediately. Thus she needs a regular support Ms Jean Barlow usually was independent however her situation in the hospital caused her to be dependant. Which is a big factor for Ms. Barlow to affect her self medication Usual nurse support and staffing also play good part of for Ms. Jeans medication. If she is offered support nurse this may vary. Reason being service is not the same for all individual. It varies thus she may receive variety of service in this movement when she needs support. Level dependence also plays a good role in case of persons like Ms Barlow. It can be seen that she needs more support in the initial stages however she is coping with the situation and learning to manage things by herself as much as possible slowly. Health condition of Ms Barlow is also very important. When her health will improve her confidence will also improve. Thus in addition to the social care service it is highly important that she gets proper medication so that her medical condition is getting proper care to improve in time. Question: Identify the risks that may occur. and What measures can be initiated to minimize risks? Answer In case of situation like Ms Barlow there are following risks if not proper care are given. Steps to minimize the risks are also mentioned in the following table Risks involved What can be done to avoid the risks Losing confidence for longer period Enough measures and confidence building activities and mental support needs to be there to avoid this and help her recovering slowly Not have proper medication in time Train and show her how and when to what medicine. Be with her a for a while to show everything. Nervous breakdown There has to be continuous support and mental strength so that she does not reach such stage Never learn properly to be on her own By encouraging her to mix with others. So that she knows that she can manager is very important Forget full and lead to sever disease There has to be training and care so that she can practice to increase her memory Increased anxious person There can be medicine to mitigate her anxiousness. But more than that there has to be constant moral and physical support so that she does not reach such situation. Consider the results of the risk assessment and in writing accept the adequacy of the systems security, i.e., accept the residual risk and the selection of cost-effective controls. Commit to performing on-going, periodic risk management Question What you would consider to be the advantage and disadvantages of Jeans self medication Answer According to NCBI (2001) self medication is a very important and increasing area of healthcare in the UK. It has the following advantage according to the report of NCBI (2001) and WHO (2000): It helps Jean to be self confident It will help Jean to learn how to manage herself and see the result of managing herself with proper medication and feel better With a bit of clinical training by the support worker Jean will be able to manager her, light, medical issues, by herself Ms J Barlow will have more empowerment on herself and will also learn to take her own decision If there is any issue of minor illness Jean will not be panicked or anxious In the NCBI (2001) and WHO (2000) report following disadvantages are there in self medication: Jean may take wrong medicine unintentionally There may be mistake by Jean about the dose. She may take more or less and about the timing as well. If Jean cannot remember when she needs to and when actually does take medicine she may take more or less number and quantity of the medicine These can lead to health risk and also the risk of losing her confidence further on herself. Question: Do you think Jean should be encouraged for self medication. Give reasons for your answer Answer Ms J Barlow should definitely be encourage for self medication undoubtedly. Reasons are She needs to learn how to manager herself for the long time and always She must have her confidence back on herself. This is not only to reduce cost of social care on her but also to make Jean as a normal human being Jean must not be in a satiate where she is alone but very anxious. If she knows how to handle herself alone she will be strong in any satiation However above all the benefits there can be risk of doing that. Thus to avoid any risk proper initiatives has to be there so that it can sure that at least she knows what to do and how to seek help in case of severe situations. Her confidence needs to be built before she is on her own for the medication. Case Study 3: Question 2: How will you support Mr H to meet his dietary needs? Answer Following measures can be taken to help Mr. H with his food Mr H can be encouraged to cook on his own with continuous supervision from begging to end There has to be regular observation of his behaviour and someone knowledgeable and friendly, according to Mr H, has to be with him while he is cooking Otherwise Mr H can be provided with the food he wants Mr. H can also be discussed the benefit and the issues of the other food recommended by the dietician. But this has to be done in a time when Mr H is in proper mood Mr H can be constantly remind about things while he is cooking and also regarding his meal Question: Analyse how will you manage the tension to enable Mr H to cook his meal safely and your responsibility to ensure his safety and that of others. Answer: Safety is a vital issue for anyone. Specially when there is special medical care there is a increased need to be vigilant, observant of any risk of safety. Following things can be done so that Mr H can cook his meal safely and that does not hamper safety of others Someone has good relationship or rapport with Mr H should be there while he is cooking Someone knowledgeable will be there while he cooks so that the carer can identify the risk issue immediately and can take safety initiative The carer can encourage Mr H to behave normally and give the confidence the process can be done smoothly in a proper manner from the very beginning to end Mr H has right to learn to manage things on his own. Thus the carer must take care of that All the risky apparatuses should be kept in a place where Mr H cannot reach easily after finished using those Question 3: Obtain a copy of your organizational risk assessment policy, procedure and analyse the effectiveness of policies procedure in management of risks (AC 3.2) Answer: Agency must develop (SCEI, 2000), implement, and maintain a risk management/assessment program to ensure that appropriate safeguard measures are taken. Analysis of effectiveness of policies procedure in management of risks goes below: It is effective in the sense that it can handle both medical and physical situation of the social care service seeker It is safe for service seeker and providing officer It is vast and wide to cover all the health and security related issues while providing service It is effective overall Question 4: Identify and review current legislation, codes of practice, policy on medication administration in a residential home. Obtain copy of your organization policy and procedure, evaluate the effectiveness of the in line with health and social care requirements (AC 4.1 and 4.2) Answer: For this answer I will choose Dignity Care UK (2008). I will analyse their codes of practices, which is line with existing legislation in residential home (Miller, 1996): The support and care has to be effective, with care and professional Centre must not work with non-trained carer Centre must regularly monitor the situation of care providing by the carer staffs There has to be evidence before taking any action, if necessary, against carer There has to be regular supply of proper care to the individual needs help Centre must appoint assessors who can assess the caring situation and environment on a regular basis There will be proper and regular supervision and assessment The carer must to be qualified and fit for the job according to criteria of the organization The carer must maintain accurate record whenever necessary so that it can be evaluate later with senior staffs Explain the legislation, guidance, codes of practice and policy that apply to the handling of medication Question: analyse how national service standards promote safe practice in the handling of medication evaluate, using a known setting, the effectiveness of policies and procedures for administering medication in achieving best possible outcomes for service users Answer Aim of the policy of Dignity Care (2008) are Ensure that proper care are given to the individuals or advice seeker. There has to be good management of the situations of the clients, proper care for their medicines and health issues whenever necessary The policy is in line with National Service Framework for Older People, Commission for Social Care Inspection Professional Guidance for the Administration and Management of Medicines and the National Minimum Care Standards. There is a good standard of care set by the organization and it is followed always on regular basis Promote and maintain independence by advising service users about safety issues on their own medicine handling Encourage patients to be self sufficient whenever applicable Follow the rules of the UK legislation Continuous development of the service of the care worker Question 5: Communication is vital in health and social care, analyse how you can use the effective communication to promote and maximize the right of service -users in health and social care (AC 1.3) Answer: Communication helps social care providers to provide the best health service. This is very important. Communication is not in the sense of verbal discussion but also covers communicating with patients whatever forms it takes to do that. Following is the analyse how effective communication can be used effectively to promote and maximize the right of service -users in health and social care: Understand the right way of communication with different type of care seekers Follow the rules and regulations of the care providing agency so that a professional standards are met There has to be enough room and encouragement to the care service providers to give feedback to their agency office so that if there is change of carer same level of service is provided. It does not make any different for the care receivers Carer has to have the knowledge of policy of the organization Carer has to have the knowledge of legal requirements to communicate with the service seekers Carer must be trained properly to communicate with different types of care seekers Carer must understand the needs of development of his/ her communication with the care seeker. So that s/he can develop accordingly with the help of their head office Question 6: Explain the factors that contribute to loss of independence, non participation and social exclusion of service (AC 2.1) Answer In case of Mr H there is a room for loss of independence and non participation and exclusion from the society (Denham, 1997). Following issues can contribute to that (NCBI, 2001): Lack of communication ability with others Lack of ability to mix with others Lack of self control Health condition. Poor health condition leaves less room for the care seeker to think about other issues. Thus if Mr H is in good health he will feel good talking and mixing with others Change of carer. If there is always new carer comes to serve Mr H he may not feel comfortable equally with everyone. This may make him down mentally and he may not act the way he should Relationship with the carer. If the relation is not good there will not be any development in terms of providing the best care Shift pattern of the carer may not be as comfortable for the care seeker which may cause insecurity in his mind and make him dependants Anxiousness of the Mr H is also contribute to the fact that he is becoming less independent Mr Hs confidence level may contribute to the fact of being self confident. If Mr. Hs development is slow it can also cause insecurity in his mind and make him less able to manage himself. References: Denham M J, Continuing Care for Older People, Nelson Thornes, 1997, ISBN: 0748731822 Miller J, Social Care Practice, Hodder Arnold, 1996, ISBN: 034065516X Richards J, Caring for People A Lifespan Approach, Nelson Thornes, 1999, ISBN: 0748739009 Toft C, Care and Registered Manager’s Award at S/NVQ Level 4, Hodder Arnold, 2003, ISBN: 0340876050 http://www.dignityincare.org.uk/_library/Regional_Model_of_Good_Practice_Policy_for_Medication_-_Reviewed_08.pdf accessed on March 29, 2014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735659 accessed on March 29, 2014 http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/h1462e/h1462e.pdf accessed on March 29, 2014 http://arcuk.org.uk/publications/files/2011/03/Active-Support-Handbook.pdf accessed on March 29, 2014 http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/guides/guide17/files/guide17.pdf accessed on March 29, 2014 1

Essay --

Famine is one of the major sources of China's problem. The problem with the constant famines that China is always facing is that they are always facing the deprivation of food production and the lasting effects of this. The Chinese has always had a rapidly expanding population that food production had never been able to keep up with. It has stemmed multiple problems within the country. It has caused the major distrust of the government, as the government did nothing to help the populace. The famine was a major factor in the reason why the Chinese people did not start to fully modernize and industrialize till now. People have judged the former dynasties of China by their ability to meet and conquer great tragedies, China's current one being that of the ongoing famines that have continued to plague the country for centuries ever since early 19th Century. The role of Mao and the communist government, the ethics that effected the people and the last effects it has had on the country o f China. The first major famines that occurred in China were the known as the "four famines" that occurred in the early 19th century1 . These four famines had a death toll estimated at 45 million dead. The Qing Dynasty was a dynasty of much chaos, the multiple opium wars and the Taping Rebellion. The insuring famine that occurred during the conflict caused over 60 million dead. The Great North China Famine led to the death of 13 million people due to an ongoing drought that the Chinese people were not prepared to handle2. The constant failure of the current government has led to the deaths of millions, which has led the lower class peasant class of China to always have this sense of distrust with the current government, as they are never able to react... ...how the Soviets they were successful. Motivated by this reasoning, Mao choose to do nothing about the famine, claiming that his plan could never go wrong, that the Chinese Communist way was the only correct way. The inflexible Mao and his policies caused a decline in Chinas morality, that is apart of the continued cycle for each generation of the Chinese people. Each time the Chinese go into a major famine, we can see the change in government, this decline in a dynasty, that we have seen repeat itself throughout Chinas history. With Mao's death and the rise of western ideals in China, we can see that China has moved away from its Maoist ideals and moved towards a western model of government. No matter how long it takes the Chinese, I don't think they will ever forget these events in this history, always encouraging the new generation for change of a corrupt system. Essay -- Famine is one of the major sources of China's problem. The problem with the constant famines that China is always facing is that they are always facing the deprivation of food production and the lasting effects of this. The Chinese has always had a rapidly expanding population that food production had never been able to keep up with. It has stemmed multiple problems within the country. It has caused the major distrust of the government, as the government did nothing to help the populace. The famine was a major factor in the reason why the Chinese people did not start to fully modernize and industrialize till now. People have judged the former dynasties of China by their ability to meet and conquer great tragedies, China's current one being that of the ongoing famines that have continued to plague the country for centuries ever since early 19th Century. The role of Mao and the communist government, the ethics that effected the people and the last effects it has had on the country o f China. The first major famines that occurred in China were the known as the "four famines" that occurred in the early 19th century1 . These four famines had a death toll estimated at 45 million dead. The Qing Dynasty was a dynasty of much chaos, the multiple opium wars and the Taping Rebellion. The insuring famine that occurred during the conflict caused over 60 million dead. The Great North China Famine led to the death of 13 million people due to an ongoing drought that the Chinese people were not prepared to handle2. The constant failure of the current government has led to the deaths of millions, which has led the lower class peasant class of China to always have this sense of distrust with the current government, as they are never able to react... ...how the Soviets they were successful. Motivated by this reasoning, Mao choose to do nothing about the famine, claiming that his plan could never go wrong, that the Chinese Communist way was the only correct way. The inflexible Mao and his policies caused a decline in Chinas morality, that is apart of the continued cycle for each generation of the Chinese people. Each time the Chinese go into a major famine, we can see the change in government, this decline in a dynasty, that we have seen repeat itself throughout Chinas history. With Mao's death and the rise of western ideals in China, we can see that China has moved away from its Maoist ideals and moved towards a western model of government. No matter how long it takes the Chinese, I don't think they will ever forget these events in this history, always encouraging the new generation for change of a corrupt system.